organic chemistry reactivity of carbon dioxide

If the atom under attack (in this case, the partially positively charged carbon atom) had –CH 3 groups bonded to it rather than H atoms, the bulky methyl groups would interfere with the attack by OH −, making the reaction sterically hindered. The intermediate species, enclosed by square brackets, represents a transient arrangement of atoms that is only postulated to exist. The convention for writing such a mechanism is to draw arrows showing the direction of electron flow-that is, from the electron-rich center (the nucleophile) to the electron-poor center (the electrophile). In nucleophilic substitution reactions, the nucleophile must possess a pair of electrons and have a greater affinity for the electropositive species than the original substituent. For more information on radicals, see Chapter 14 'Chemical Kinetics', Section 14.6 'Reaction Rates-A Microscopic View'.) In this section, we expand our discussion to include some of the mechanisms behind these reactions. For more information on batteries, see Chapter 19 'Electrochemistry'. (For more information on peptide formation, see Chapter 12 'Solids', Section 12.8 'Polymeric Solids'. You have encountered many of these types of reactions previously, such as the formation of peptides by the elimination of water, the oxidation–reduction reactions that generate voltage in batteries, and chain reactions that involve organic radicals.

In this section, we discuss five common types of organic reactions: substitution reactions, elimination reactions, addition reactions, radical reactions, and oxidation–reduction reactions. To become familiar with the common classes of organic reactions.Ĭertain patterns are encountered repeatedly in organic reactions, many reflecting the interactions of nucleophiles and electrophiles.

Organic chemistry reactivity of carbon dioxide